RESUMEN
EPDF and EPUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC-ND licence. Whilst the COVID-19 pandemic affected all parts of the country, it did not do so equally. Northern England was hit the hardest, exposing more than ever the extent of regional inequalities in health and wealth. Using original data analysis from a wide range of sources, this book demonstrates how COVID-19 has impacted the country unequally in terms of mortality, health care, mental health, and the economy. The book provides a striking empirical overview of the impact of the pandemic on regional inequalities and explores why the North fared worse. It sets out what needs to be learnt from the pandemic to prevent regional inequality growing and to reduce inequalities in health and wealth in the future. © Clare Bambra, Luke Munford, Sam Khavandi, and Natalie Bennett 2023.
RESUMEN
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral respiratory illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Since its first appearance in December 2019, COVID-19 has been responsible for a number of global outbreaks and has claimed the lives of nearly three million people as of April 2021. High infection rate, loss of taste and smell, fever, cough, and severely adverse effects on the respiratory system have been the chief attributes of the virus. However, SARS-CoV-2 has been linked to other symptoms, many of which are extra-pulmonary or not directly related to the respiratory system. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on various ophthalmic outcomes has been manifested in many reports and literature tracing the link between COVID-19 and ocular findings in patients suffering from COVID-19. One recurrent case report presented in the literature is related to the presentation of conjunctivitis in COVID-19 patients. Conjunctivitis is a viral infection causing inflammation in conjunctiva, episclera and eyelids resulting in a change of color in eyes, called pink eyes. Swelling, itching, pain, and eye burn are some of the common symptoms. The present study reviews the latest literature on the subject by focusing on the reports of conjunctivitis symptoms in patients with COVID-19. © 2022 The Author(s).
RESUMEN
Background. As the COVID-19 pandemic has exhausted the healthcare system and economic infrastructures, controlling measures are directed toward population-based strategies including individual's hygiene and safe socializing. We conducted this study to identify individual's factors at the population level which are associated with the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in a middle-to-low income country. Methods. A prospective case-control study was conducted to compare the demographics, socioeconomics, and individual's behavior between patients with COVID-19 and randomly selected healthy controls from the same population referring to a general hospital in northwest Iran. Results. Data of 250 patients with a positive RT-PCR test for COVID-19 was compared with 250 healthy controls between March 1st and May 15th (Table1). Higher education, better socioeconomic status, having access to the internet or following relevant news, having an obsession for cleanliness especially regular hands washing with alcohol-based disinfectants, wearing masks in public especially those with an N-95 filter, complying with stay-home orders, and receiving the flu shot over the past season were protective against contracting COVID-19. On the contrary, cigarette smoking or opium consumption, a history of recent travel, having an individual with infection with SARS-CoV-2 within the household, and recent hospitalization were associated with COVID-19. Table1. Comparison of individual's factors between COVID-19 positive and negative patients Conclusion: Individuals' characteristics at a family or public level can guide healthcare authorities and lawmakers in their ongoing endeavors toward controlling the COVID-19 pandemics, especially in low-to-middle income regions.